- ASGMArtisanal & Small-Scale Gold Mining
- Gold mining with hand tools and basic equipment, from informal to formalised. Modelled at 15 to 20% of newly mined gold (a 2017 IGF-origin estimate) and at 10 to 20 million people, depending on the source.
- Doré
- The semi-refined gold-silver bar poured at a mine or by an aggregator: the form in which gold typically travels to a refiner.
- Good Delivery
- LBMA accreditation for refiners and the bars they produce. The gold Good Delivery List counted 66 refiners as of July 2026; listing is the de facto passport to the London market.
- Chain of custody
- Documentation that follows material through the supply chain, whether segregated (the physical gold is kept apart) or claim-based (the responsible-sourcing claim travels on paper).
- Book-and-claim
- A model that separates the responsible-sourcing claim from the physical metal, so buyers can fund responsible producers without a segregated supply line. Used by Fairmined Credits and the Responsible Gold Credits launched in Tanzania in 2025.
- CAHRAConflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas
- The areas that trigger enhanced due diligence under the OECD Guidance and the rules built on it, such as the EU Conflict Minerals Regulation.
- OECD five steps
- The due-diligence cycle of the OECD Due Diligence Guidance and its Gold Supplement (3rd edition, 2016): management systems, risk identification, risk response, independent audit, public reporting. Not law in itself; binding only where a regulator or market standard hard-wires it.
- LBMALondon Bullion Market Association
- The trade body behind the Good Delivery Lists, the Responsible Gold Guidance, the Disclosure Guidance and the Gold Bar Integrity programme.
- RMAPResponsible Minerals Assurance Process
- RMI's refiner audit programme. Its gold standard became the first scheme recognised under the EU Conflict Minerals Regulation in October 2025; recognition covers RMAP-audited facilities only.
- Cross-recognition
- The RMI-LBMA-RJC agreement (policy v2, 2018) to accept one another's gold refiner audits. Of RMI's 94 conformant gold refiners as of July 2026, 57 are conformant via cross-recognition rather than direct audit.
- CRAFTCode of Risk mitigation for ASM engaging in Formal Trade
- The open-source, OECD-aligned market-entry baseline for ASM gold, by ARM and RESOLVE. Version 2.1 (October 2024) extends scope to aggregators, traders and processors.
- Fairmined premium
- The extra paid on Fairmined-certified gold: USD 4,000 per kilogram, plus USD 2,000 for the ecological label (scheme figures).
- Escalator model
- Swiss Better Gold's approach: mines enter at a baseline and step up through improvement stages while selling into the Swiss value chain, with a premium (USD 1.35/g per the 2025 impact report) funding the climb.
- Monopsony
- A single-buyer market. Ghana's GoldBod (Act 1140, April 2025) makes the state the sole buyer, assayer, exporter and regulator of ASM gold; independent critics contest the model's pricing effects.
- Mercury amalgamation
- The processing technique that binds gold with mercury before burning it off: the main mercury use in ASGM and the practice targeted by the Minamata Convention.
- Minamata NAPNational Action Plan
- The plan a party to the Minamata Convention must produce where ASGM is more than insignificant, setting mercury-reduction baselines and measures.
- EFPExchange for Physical
- The trade linking COMEX gold futures with London physical metal. Tariff fears blew its price gap out by roughly US$40 to 60 per ounce in early 2025.
- Country-of-origin reporting
- Disclosure of where refined gold was mined. LBMA publishes annual aggregate data; monthly per-refiner reporting into the GBI database is voluntary from April 2026 and mandatory in 2027.
- Corroboration rating
- The Hub's per-record signal of how well a claim is supported by independent sources: well corroborated, corroborated, single source, or contested.
- Freshness stamp
- The "Checked" date on every record: when its link and record details were last checked. The Hub's target is no stamp older than 90 days.